The World and Everything in It - September 29, 2021

MARY REICHARD, HOST: Good morning!

Military leaders answer to the Senate about the disastrous American pullout from Afghanistan.

NICK EICHER, HOST: That’s ahead on Washington Wednesday.

Also World Tour.

Plus small scale dairy farming: it just might save the industry.

And WORLD founder Joel Belz salutes the doctors who helped change the course of his life.

REICHARD: It’s Wednesday, September 29th. This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Mary Reichard.

EICHER: And I’m Nick Eicher. Good morning!

REICHARD: Now the news. Here’s Kent Covington.

KENT COVINGTON, NEWS ANCHOR: Generals advised against total Afghanistan withdrawal despite Biden’s claims » Top U.S. generals testified Tuesday that they did in fact recommend leaving some troops in Afghanistan, despite President Biden’s claims to the contrary.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley told members of the Senate Armed Services Committee…

MILLEY: Yes, my assessment was back in the Fall of ‘20, and remained consistent throughout, that we should keep a steady state of 2,500—and it could bounce up to 3,500, maybe something like that—in order to move toward a negotiated gated solution.

The top U.S. commander in Afghanistan before the withdrawal, Gen. Austin Miller reportedly told the president that a total withdrawal would likely result in the rapid collapse of the Afghan government and a Taliban takeover.

And on Tuesday, Gen. Kenneth McKenzie confirmed that report.

MCKENZIE: Sir, I was present when that discussion occurred. And I’m confident that the president heard all of the recommendations and listened to them very thoughtfully.

McKenzie said he too believed some troops should remain in Afghanistan to maintain stability.

But in an August interview, ABC’s George Stephanopoulos asked President Biden if his military advisers recommended leaving some troops in the country. Biden responded—quote—“No, no one said that to me that I can recall.”

Senators press top Pentagon officials on Afghanistan pullout » Officials at the hearing praised a speedy exit from Kabul and “the largest airlift in American history.” But each admitted that how quickly the Taliban seized control of the country caught them by surprise.

Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin testified alongside the generals. Democratic Sen. Tim Kaine pressed him on American citizens left behind.

KAINE: What is the administration’s current best estimate of the number of Americans that are in Afghanistan.
AUSTIN: According to State there are currently fewer than 100 American citizens who want to depart and are ready to leave.

Gen. Milley also testified that Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan could pose a terrorist threat to the United States in the next 12 to 36 months.

But Sec. Austin said there are currently no contingency plans in place to return to Afghanistan should a threat reemerge.

Yellen: Congress must raise debt limit before October 18 » Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen says lawmakers have less than three weeks to raise the debt limit and avoid an unprecedented default on the U.S. government’s debts.

Yellen told members of the Senate Banking Committee.

YELLEN: It is imperative that Congress address the debt limit. If not, our current estimate is the Treasury will likely exhaust its extraordinary measures by October 18th.

Senate Republicans on Monday blocked a bill that would have lifted the debt limit and funded government operations into December. GOP leaders say Democrats could use a fast track process to raise the debt limit on their own.

And with Democrats planning to pass a go-it-alone $3.5 trillion spending bill without any GOP votes, Republicans say they should also raise the debt limit on their own.

But however they do it, Yellen says Congress needs to get it done quickly to avoid dire consequences for the U.S. economy.

Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell also testified Tuesday, telling lawmakers…

POWELL: Bottlenecks, hiring difficulties and other constraints could again prove to be greater and more enduring than anticipated, posing upside risks to inflation.

Republicans warn that Democrats’ plan to raise taxes and spend trillions more would further fuel inflation and could send consumer prices spiraling out of control.

NTSB: Speed not a factor in Amtrak train derailment » Investigators still don’t know what caused a deadly train derailment in northern Montana over the weekend. But they have ruled out speed as a cause.

Bruce Landsberg is Vice Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board. He said black box data revealed the train was traveling slightly below the speed limit of 79 miles per hour. He also said the Amtrak train was equipped with cameras.

LANDSBERG: We have experts that are studying the camera footage frame by frame to make sure that we see exactly what the engineers saw, or maybe didn’t see, when we got to that point.

Japan to end emergency covid measures this week » Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga has announced that his country will end its current state of emergency tomorrow and will gradually lift COVID-19 restrictions. WORLD’s Kristen Flavin has more.

KRISTEN FLAVIN, REPORTER: This will mark the first time since April that the country will be free of any emergency constraints. The current state of emergency was not a full lockdown, but it limited gatherings and cut hours for restaurants, bars, and stores.

About 1.7 million people have tested positive in Japan since the start of the pandemic. The infection rate began rising in July and spiked mid-August right after the Tokyo Olympics. Suga is stepping down from leadership over opposition to his government’s health policies ... and his controversial decision to host the Olympics during the pandemic.

Japan has vaccinated roughly 58 percent of its residents … with plans to roll out booster shots to healthcare workers by the end of the year. The government also plans to launch a vaccine passport program.

Reporting for WORLD, I’m Kristen Flavin.

I’m Kent Covington. Straight ahead: assessing America’s “strategic failure” in Afghanistan.

Plus, healing brokenness and the Hippocratic oath.

This is The World and Everything in It.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: It’s Wednesday, the 29th of September, 2021.

Glad to have you along for today’s edition of The World and Everything in It. Good morning, I’m Mary Reichard.

NICK EICHER, HOST: And I’m Nick Eicher. First up: Afghanistan.

As you just heard, U.S. military leaders appeared before the Senate on Tuesday to answer questions about the disastrous end to the war in Afghanistan. Gen. Mark Milley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, didn’t mince words. He called the outcome a “strategic failure”—a devastating assessment of America’s longest-running war.

REICHARD: Joining us now to provide more insight is James Carafano. He is a retired Lt. Col. in the U.S. Army who formerly served on the Homeland Security Advisory Council. He is now an expert on national security and foreign policy with The Heritage Foundation. 

Colonel, good morning and welcome back to the program!

JAMES CARAFANO, GUEST: Thanks for having me.

REICHARD: Colonel, let’s just start with this question: Anything surprise you from Tuesday’s testimony?

CARAFANO: No, I don't think so. As a matter of fact, I don't think we really heard any factual information that we hadn't heard before. What's most noticeable to me about the testimony is what we didn't hear, which is they would not go into the specifics of what advice they had given to the president, and what decisions the president made based on their advice, which really is the crucial question about why did things unfold the way they did?

REICHARD: Did we learn anything new about the thought process behind the withdrawal and why it was done that way?

CARAFANO: No, I don't really think we did. I mean, to me, you know, it's just kind of like the Kabuki dance. I mean, I don’t know how many people follow ancient Japanese culture, but, you know, the stylized performance and we all know how it ends before it starts. So everybody kind of played the role. Republicans run offense, Democrats are on defense. They were critical of Afghanistan, but they were really about trying to share and spread the blame across everybody from the Trump administration to I think Adam and Eve. And the military and the secretary were kind of like goalies, you know, they're kind of dodging slap shots and trying to pass the buck. So they were happy to explain what happened, but they really weren't happy to go into an explanation of why. So I don't really think these kinds of hearings can really ever produce the kind of information that Americans want, which is the transparency of how are decisions made? How did that impact what actually happened? Where are we today? And where do we need to go forward? So I think those questions were largely unanswered.

REICHARD: General Milley said the joint chiefs of staff unanimously advised the president to end military operations and complete the evacuation when they did. Why do you think that was the case?

CARAFANO: Well, you know, this kind of comes without all kinds of caveats: Under what conditions? Under what alternatives? I mean, what's never been adequately explained is we had 2,500 troops who were not taking casualties, who we were spending less in a year than we used to spend in a week. Matter of fact, the cost of the withdrawal was magnitudes times greater than the cost of just staying there. And it was a turn to the Taliban. Why that wasn't sufficient. We have the president's repeated claims that it was not sufficient. We actually have statements from the chairman in the joint and other members of the Joint Chiefs that they've recommended that we retain the 2,500 person commitment. We've never squared that circle. And so statements like that, they sound complete on their face, but they're completely lacking of all the context we need to really understand about why decisions were made, when they were made, and what the consequences of them were.

REICHARD: Generals Milley and McKenzie testified that they recommended leaving 2,500 troops in Afghanistan, though President Biden has claimed no one ever said that to him. What was your reaction to their testimony?

CARAFANO: Well, these are so many dots that just don't connect. Well, we recommended the withdrawal. But we recommended the troops stay, the president, nobody ever made that recommendation to me. So, the reality is these dots just don't connect up. And to connect them, you have to say what advice did you give to the president when and how did he react to that? And they're not going to do that. We understand this is one of the natural tensions of civil-military relations. On the one hand, you want close and confidential conversations so you can be frank and open. On the other hand, the members of the Joint Staff and the secretary of Defense are also accountable to the Congress. And so the Congress can do its role, its oversight. So how do you do both of these? And the answer is it's very, very difficult. And so oftentimes, what they did is they've left it to the people to connect the dots. In other words, they say statements which are actually not reconcilable, and they leave it to others to kind of understand the implicit things that we told the president, he just didn't listen to us. But they don’t say that in public.

REICHARD: Well, that sounds like a big mess. What are we supposed to do with that?

CARAFANO: Well, it is a big mess and that's why I argue the only way we'd ever get the full transparent accounting that we need is to have an independent commission like we did for 9/11. That worked. It was independent. It was nonpartisan. They laid out the facts, they ignored the partisan back and forth. We can do this. But to expect it to happen in congressional hearings where Republicans and Democrats both have an agenda to satisfy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff have really demonstrated that they're perfectly willing to carry the president's political water, we're never going to get a ground truth that way.

REICHARD: General Milley said our pullout from Afghanistan created the very real possibility that terrorists from Al-Qaeda, ISIS, any other group, could strike the United States. How should we, or can we, deal with that reality now that we no longer have forces on the ground over there?

CARAFANO: Well, we have three problems. One is it's going to happen. Al Qaeda is going to go back to Afghanistan to erase 20 years of humiliation. They're going to plan the next 9/11. They're going to plan it from Afghanistan. They're going to let the world know that because it's important that the world know what they did. And we have dramatically reduced our capacity to deal with that in theater. And when you look at the flip side, we've dramatically disarmed home. We have a wide open border. It's way more open, wide open than it was on 9/11. It's the safest way to get a team in here to do the next 9/11. We have used our domestic security instruments like the Department of Justice and Homeland Security, really focused on political agendas. We want to focus on domestic extremism, and people that we politically don't like. But we’re not focusing on transnational terrorism. So we've kind of disarmed on both ends of the problem. And that's, I would argue, a more dangerous situation and more vulnerable than we were on the original 9/11.

REICHARD: Final question here. I want to get your take on this. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin summed up the U.S. experience in Afghanistan like this: “We helped build a state but we could not forge a nation.” What do you make of that comment? And perhaps most importantly, what are the biggest lessons we need to learn from the last 20 years?

CARAFANO: It’s a nonsense comment. We weren't in Afghanistan to build the nation of Afghanistan. That was kind of a side project. We were in Afghanistan to prevent a terrorist sanctuary from reoccurring, and to keep the region stable. So it would be more favorable to us. And we talked about the great power competition with the likes of China and Russia. We were achieving that. All we did by leaving Afghanistan is make us more vulnerable to transnational terrorism and make the region less stable. Building the nation was not essential to achieving our mission. Being there was essential to achieving our mission. Leaving made doing that thing almost impossible.

REICHARD: Retired Lt. Colonel James Carafano with The Heritage Foundation has been our guest. Colonel, thanks so much!

CARAFANO: Thanks for having me.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: Coming up next on The World and Everything in It: World Tour, with our reporter in Africa, Onize Ohikere.

ONIZE OHIKERE, REPORTER: Protests in Tunisia—We start today here in Africa.

AUDIO: [Sounds of protests]

Several thousand protesters rallied in the Tunisian capital on Sunday. They are demanding President Kais Saied reverse recent orders consolidating political power in the presidency.

AUDIO: [Woman speaking Arabic]

This woman called on the president to reinstate the country’s constitution and let voters elect their leaders.

AUDIO: [Man speaking Arabic]

In July, Saied fired the prime minister, suspended parliament, and granted himself judicial powers. Last week, he announced his intention to rule by presidential decree.

Critics say the president has completed what amounts to a bloodless coup. But Saied claims he plans to hold a nationwide referendum on his governmental changes—eventually.

Tunisia was the only country in 2011 to emerge from the Arab Spring uprising with a new system of democracy after decades of dictatorship.

Guinea junta unveils transition plan—Next to Guinea.

AUDIO: [Woman speaking French]

The junta that seized control of the West African nation earlier this month unveiled a transition charter on Monday. A public broadcaster read the document on national television.

It lays out a plan for returning to civilian rule but does not set a timeline for the transition. The temporary government will include a civilian prime minister and legislative council. But special forces Colonel Mamady Doumbouya will lead a separate governing group, the National Rallying Committee for Development. It will determine when to end the transition period and hold new elections.

Catalan leader fights extradition to Spain—Next we go to Europe.

AUDIO: [Sound of camera shutters]

Former Catalan separatist leader Carles Puigdemont returned to Brussels Monday after Italian officials arrested him at Spain’s request.

AUDIO: [Man speaking Spanish]

Puigdemont said he would continue to fight extradition. He will return to Italy next week for a court hearing.

Spain wants to put him on trial for sedition, but he must return home first. Puigdemont fled the country in 20-17 to avoid prosecution over Catalan’s failed bid to gain independence from Spain.

Two years later, he won a seat on the European Parliament. That gave him immunity from prosecution, until his fellow lawmakers overturned that provision in March.

Catalan separatists who stayed in Spain went on trial and got lengthy prison sentences. But the Spanish government pardoned them earlier this year.

Canadians freed in prisoner swap—And finally, we end today in Asia.

AUDIO: [Shouting, cheering]

Supporters of Huawei executive Meng Wanzhou celebrated her return to China on Saturday. Meng spent the last three years under house arrest in Canada fighting extradition to the United States.

Over the weekend, Meng reached a deal with U.S. prosecutors to avoid standing trial on fraud charges. In return, she admitted misrepresenting the company’s business dealings in Iran.

AUDIO: [Woman speaking Mandarin]

A spokeswoman for China’s foreign ministry called Meng’s detention a case of political persecution. State media ignored her own admission of guilt as part of her release deal.

Beijing also denied any connection between Meng’s release and its decision to free two Canadian men. Chinese police arrested Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig days after Meng’s detention in a tit-for-tat widely denounced as hostage politics.

Both men were accused of endangering national security. Chinese officials said the government decided to release them for health reasons.

That’s this week’s World Tour. Reporting for WORLD, I’m Onize Ohikere in Abuja, Nigeria.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Well, this wasn’t the way Tyler Pence imagined winning the Quad Cities Marathon, but it was a win nonetheless.

Pence crossed the finish line in 2 hours, 15 minutes, 6 seconds to win the race.

He logged his fastest time ever and took the first prize of $3,000.

But no one was more surprised than he that he won. That’s because earlier in the race, two Kenyan runners far outpaced him. But somehow they took a wrong turn. Well actually, they went straight when they were supposed to turn.

A volunteer cyclist for the race went the wrong way and the two Kenyans followed. But the race director said the course was clearly marked. So they were disqualified and Pence became the first U.S. runner in 20 years to win the Quad Cities Marathon.

It’s The World and Everything in It.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Today is Wednesday, September 29th.

Thank you for turning to WORLD Radio to help start your day.

Good morning. I’m Nick Eicher.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard.

Coming next on The World and Everything in It: saving the dairy farm.

Driving through the rolling hills of northern New Jersey, you’d see lots of abandoned milking barns, overgrown with sumac and poison ivy. But at one time more than 500 dairies dotted the rolling hills of The Garden State.

EICHER: Today, there are fewer than 50. WORLD correspondent Amy Lewis introduces us to one family who is working to bring back the small dairy farm from the brink of extinction.

AUDIO: [HAND MILKING]

AMY LEWIS, REPORTER: Adonis Cooke Dean lives on a 120-year-old dairy farm in Blairstown, New Jersey. She’s seen it all—as a farmer’s daughter, a farmer’s wife, and for 40 years, a farmer’s mom.

ADONIS: It’s not an easy life. I don’t care who you talk to. It’s long hours, it’s hard work. But the good part was that you were always with your family.

Until a year ago, her son, Bill Dean, carried on the family’s dairy tradition by caring for 60 cows on his parents’ land.

DEAN: You wear many hats when you’re a dairy farmer. You’re a vet. You’re a plumber, and electrician, you’re a carpenter, mechanic. So, you never knew what the day would bring on.

But in 2020, feed costs sky-rocketed and milk prices stagnated at $16 per 100 pounds of milk—or $8 per cow per day. Plus there were annual property taxes. Dean had to sell.

DEAN: The price of milk bottomed out. At the time when I sold the cows, I was losing a hundred dollars a day. Basically, I sold the cows to pay the bills off.

Meanwhile, Ryan Whitmore and his wife were looking for a place to start their own dairy farm. Whitmore had dreamed of being a dairy farmer ever since his dad sold out when Whitmore was 8 years old.

WHITMORE: I went to college for dairy farming, and that’s where I met my wife, Samantha…And she pushed me over the cliff to start on our own. (laughs)

Last summer, he heard the Deans were no longer dairying. But they still had all their equipment. It was a win-win arrangement. The Whitmores rented the Deans’ land and barns for their new 30-cow business: “BuckinCow Creamery.”

WHITMORE: This is some of the equipment… stainless steel tank…1000 gallons, these are the 5 units we use to milk the cows with….rubber inflations…. stainless steel pipeline through barn to the tank…

Bill Dean’s dad milked cows by hand and had teams of horses to plow his fields. He still has their first tractor, and it runs! But years ago the Deans transitioned to mechanical milking. The milk from the Whitmores’ cows goes through the same pipes to the same stainless-steel tank the Deans used. But the Whitmores’ milk doesn’t go to a commercial creamery like the Deans’ milk did.

Instead, they transport the milk to be pasteurized and bottled locally. Then they personally deliver it to the doorsteps of their 30 customers. They also deliver raw milk to cheesemakers. Even if the Whitmores wanted to go the route of commercial processing, those opportunities are drying up.

WHITMORE: There are so many farms going out, and it is getting so centralized that it’s very hard to obtain a market even if you want it. This creates the vacuum to draw the milk away from the cows. This is the sound of the pulsation, mimics the hand milking. Alternates the front to the back transfer pump. Each of the units sense milk, start cooling...

The Whitmores work long hours farming the land, caring for the cows, and delivering milk products.

WHITMORE: I’ll be here 11 or 12 o’clock most nights. And I’ll be back 5:30, 6 o’clock most days.

AUDIO: [COWS IN BARN WITH FAN]

But the hard work doesn’t scare Whitmore. His family joins him each day to help with chores. In the afternoon, Samantha and two of their children ride the four-wheeler to round up cows. Whitmore preps the cows, spraying their udders and teats with disinfectant before applying the inflation units for milking.

A giant fan provides tunnel ventilation in the heat. The new family puppy provides unwanted distraction for the cows waiting to be milked.

There’s a reason why Whitmore’s family is opting IN to small dairy farming.

WHITMORE: It is a lifestyle, it’s much more of a lifestyle than it is a job. Caring for the animals. Being able to raise our kids on the farm is probably the most priceless thing you can do. Your kids learn more by example than from anything you can tell ‘em. They see us work hard every day. It’s work ethic, it’s the ability to enjoy the more simple things in life.

Farmers like the Whitmores are doing more than just producing milk. They’re also raising the next generation of farmers. Here’s the Whitmores’ son.

COLTON: I’m nine and my name is Colton. I help some with dippin’ sometimes, and I’ve wiped them and stuff. I have a bunch of goats in the barn….

The Whitmores' story holds promise for saving the small dairy farm by selling dairy products directly to the customer and embracing the farming lifestyle for the process, as well as the product.

WHITMORE: I think there is huge potential for doing more local distributing and local direct marketing. I mean, if you were trying to do everything what’s been typical for the past 50 years, selling to the co-op, it’s much more challenging...There’s very few people who are doing it the way we’re doing. It’s a bit of a new venture in that way.

The Whitmores have plans for a farm stand at the end of the driveway. They dream of processing milk on-site. But for now, they enjoy defying the odds and keeping their cows, their customers, and their children happy.

AUDIO: [OLD TRACTOR]

Reporting for WORLD from Blairstown, New Jersey, I’m Amy Lewis.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Today is Wednesday, September 29th. Good morning! This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Nick Eicher.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard. WORLD founder Joel Belz hasn’t been shy about criticizing America’s healthcare system lately. But today, he’s focused on recognizing doctors who have changed his life for the better.

JOEL BELZ, FOUNDER: I’ve spent an uncomfortable and annoying part of the last 20 months in hospital beds, doctors’ offices, urgent care facilities, and emergency rooms. And during that time, I’ve allowed an uncomfortable cynicism to start shaping my outlook. So, I’ve decided over the last few days to try to steer a more positive course.

I know I owe a lifelong debt of gratitude to more than a few doctors. Who, I asked myself, are the ones who changed my life’s course?

I couldn’t help thinking of Dr. H.W. Bender, an eye specialist in Waterloo, Iowa. During the summer of 1945, he mended and then reshaped my left eyeball. I had poked a stick through it while pretending to help my mother in the garden. Doctors observing the procedure feared that because of damage to the optic nerve, I might lose sight in both eyes. But Dr. Bender’s treatment preserved my vision and the course of my life.

A decade later, my life’s path got another robust boost through the generous personal support for the Cono Christian School that came from Dr. Fredric Sloan. Like his brother James, Ric was a graduate of the little one room school house that was at the corner just south of the present school. Ric became a gifted surgeon, and during the 1950s became the chief of surgeons for both hospitals in Cedar Rapids. His support for Cono Christian School was enormous, and he also encouraged his colleagues in the medical profession to support Cono. Humanly speaking, there would have been no Cono school without Ric Sloan.

Nor will I ever forget the stern warning I got in the early 1980s from a pediatrician here in Black Mountain, North Carolina, Dr. John Wilson. My daughter Katrina had lacerated her scalp in a basketball skirmish, and while watching Dr. Wilson stitch things together, I was also leafing through an outdated waiting room magazine. The cover featured young doctors who had pocketed $100,000 or more in their first year of practice. “Put that magazine down,” Dr. Wilson barked at me. “It’s an embarrassment to my profession.” Dr. Wilson was already known in the community as the doctor who for a month or two every year hung a sign on his closed office door. It read: “Dr. Wilson is gone to help the children in Congo.” I dropped the magazine on the floor. And as a journalist, I have tried hard ever since to remember that financial success isn’t the only measure of life.

To say I’ve been influenced by Dr. Priscilla Strom for more than 70 years is an understatement. She attended the boarding school in Iowa founded by my parents, did pre-med studies at Covenant College, and completed her medical training at Emory University. She went next to serve as a missionary doctor in Bangladesh before coming back to become chief of staff at the major hospital in Gainesville, Georgia. But I’ll never forget her answer some years ago when I asked quite directly: “What do you enjoy most about being a surgeon?”

She said, “I love Saturday nights at Grady Hospital, when I get to help repair all the awful things that happen out there. I get to help fix so much that is broken.” It was a magnificent answer. Over dinner a few days ago, I asked Pris whether my memory was correct. “Yes,” she said, “I remember that. Helping fix things that way is part of the gospel, isn’t it?”

I’m Joel Belz.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Tomorrow: border woes. The latest crisis is over, but underlying problems remain.

And, redrawing congressional maps. State lawmakers are racing to get that done before next year’s midterm elections.

That and more tomorrow.

I’m Nick Eicher.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard.

The World and Everything in It comes to you from WORLD Radio.

WORLD’s mission is biblically objective journalism that informs, educates, and inspires.

The Apostle Paul wrote regarding the unrighteous: For what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has shown it to them. For his invisible attributes, namely, his eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly perceived, ever since the creation of the world, in the things that have been made. So they are without excuse.

Go now in grace and peace.

WORLD Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of WORLD Radio programming is the audio record.