The World and Everything in It - November 10, 2021
On Washington Wednesday, the vaccine mandate’s effect on the workforce; on World Tour, the growing conflict in Ethiopia; and a visit to a turkey farm in Minnesota. Plus: commentary from Joel Belz, and the Wednesday morning news.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: Good morning!
The Biden administration’s vaccine mandate faces several hurdles before going into effect. We’ll talk legalities and prospects.
NICK EICHER, HOST: That’s ahead on Washington Wednesday.
Also World Tour.
Plus a visit to a turkey farm—it is after all that time of year—such interesting birds.
And WORLD founder Joel Belz clarifies the meaning of “secular.”
REICHARD: It’s Wednesday, November 10th. This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Mary Reichard.
EICHER: And I’m Nick Eicher. Good morning!
REICHARD: Now the news with Kent Covington.
KENT COVINGTON, NEWS ANCHOR: White House denies reports it's considering shutting down pipeline » The White House is pushing back on reports that it’s considering shouting down the Line 5 pipeline, which stretches from Canada through the state of Michigan.
White House Deputy Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said Monday that the Biden administration is talking with Canada about the future of the Line 5 replacement project, but...
PIERRE: These negotiations and discussions between the two countries shouldn’t be viewed as anything more than that and certainly not an indicator that the U.S. government is considering shutdown.
But some GOP lawmakers aren’t taking the White House at its word. Congressman Carlos Gimenez said shutting down the pipeline would hurt working class Americans.
GIMINEZ: Who’s going to pay for it? It’s going to be the poor and the middle class. Their gas prices, all of our gas prices. And when all of our gas prices go up, when all of our energy prices go up, everything goes up. That means inflation goes up.
The talks surrounding the Line 5 pipeline come after President Biden halted construction of the Keystone X-L pipeline earlier this year.
L.A. enacts strict vaccine mandate for businesses » The city of Los Angeles this week enacted one of the strictest COVID-19 vaccine mandates for businesses in the country. WORLD’s Kristen Flavin reports.
KRISTEN FLAVIN, REPORTER: The new rule covers businesses ranging from restaurants to shopping malls and theaters to hair salons. It requires businesses to check the vaccine status of their customers.
For example, restaurant patrons must now fork over their vaccine cards before they can dine.
The city says the mandates are necessary to slow the spread of the virus.
Business trade groups say businesses have enough to worry about with staffing shortages and supply chain issues.
And they contend the mandate will sow confusion and could present safety concerns for employees tasked with policing customers’ vaccination status.
The mandate is in effect now, but enforcement starts Nov. 29th. Violators will get one warning … but after that, they’ll face fines of at least $1,000 per offense.
Reporting for WORLD, I’m Kristen Flavin.
GE to split into three separate companies » It was once the world’s largest company by some measures, but General Electric will soon be three different companies.
GE will divide itself into three public corporations focused on aviation, healthcare and energy.
The company has already rid itself of the products most Americans know, including appliances and the light bulbs that GE had been making since the late 1800s.
The announcement Tuesday divvies up an empire created in the 1980s under then-CEO Jack Welch. GE’s stock became one of the most sought after on Wall Street under Welch.
But the company’s stock began to lag in the early 2000s and it was struck by near reunion during the Great Recession.
FBI assists in Astroworld deaths investigation as lawsuits mount » The FBI is assisting Houston police in the investigation of eight deaths in a crush of fans at a music festival. Mayor Sylvester Turner said police are leaving no stone unturned.
TURNER: Looking at the security plans, looking at the site plans, looking at where people were stationed, all of the security measures that were proposed, whether or not those things were followed.
While the FBI is assisting, some are calling for a separate outside investigation. They say the Houston police and fire department played a key role in crowd control and other safety measures at the show. And they question whether police could really conduct an impartial investigation.
In the meantime, lawsuits are rolling in. Attorney Rick Ramos is representing multiple victims and families. He said a similar event occurred two years ago with the same artist, rapper Travis Scott, at the very same venue. And while that event did not have the same tragic ending, he said it should have prepared organizers to prevent last weekend’s chaos.
RAMOS: It was the same, meaning the crowd went ahead and stormed the barricades, went into the actual venue. Security could not stop it. There was criminal activity that took place at the concert back in 2019.
A 56-page event operations plan for the Astroworld music festival included protocols for dangerous scenarios. Those included an active shooter or other terrorist acts, and severe weather. But it did not outline procedures in the event of a crowd surge.
Former Sen. Max Cleland dies » Former U.S. Sen. Max Cleland has died at the age of 79. WORLD’s Josh Schumacher has that story.
JOSH SCHUMACHER, REPORTER: Cleland died Tuesday of congestive heart failure at his home in Atlanta.
The former U.S. Army captain received the Silver Star and the Bronze Star for his tour in Vietnam. He lost his right arm and both legs in an accidental grenade blast.
After returning home, Cleland served as a Democratic state senator in the 1970s before heading up the Veterans Administration as its youngest administrator. He later served as Georgia’s secretary of state until winning election to the U.S. Senate in 1996.
He was known on Capitol Hill as a vocal advocate for military veterans. He served one term, losing his re-election bid in 2002.
Countless lawmakers paid tribute on Tuesday, and President Biden called Cleland “a man of unflinching patriotism, boundless courage, and rare character.”
Reporting for WORLD, I’m Josh Schumacher.
I’m Kent Covington. Straight ahead: worker opposition to vaccine mandates.
Plus, the new definition of secular.
This is The World and Everything in It.
NICK EICHER, HOST: It’s Wednesday the 10th of November, 2021.
We’re happy you’ve turned to The World and Everything in It to help start your day. Good morning, I’m Nick Eicher.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard. Up first: the fight over President Biden’s federal vaccine mandates.
The Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals over the weekend issued a stay freezing the president’s vaccine mandate for private businesses. That mandate would force companies with at least 100 employees to require their indoor workers to get the COVID-19 shot or get tested every week.
EICHER: The White House is enforcing the mandate by way of OSHA. That is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It’s the agency that oversees workplace safety in the United States.
The Fifth Circuit’s stay has no immediate impact as the order would not take effect until January. Whether the mandate can survive legal challenges remains to be seen.
REICHARD: Joining us now to discuss this is Devin Watkins. He is an attorney with the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a free-market public policy organization based in Washington. Devin, good morning!
DEVIN WATKINS, GUEST: Glad to be here.
REICHARD: Well, we’ll talk about the legality of the mandate and the court challenges momentarily. But let’s just suppose that the mandate does take effect on schedule in January. I know that the Competitive Enterprise Institute has looked into this. What effect do you think it would have on the U.S. marketplace and our economy?
WATKINS: It's hard to say, even assuming the mandate goes into effect. I think a lot of the implications are going to be based on how many people comply with the mandate, how many people choose to leave their current position rather than comply. So, the mandate—as effective right now—only applies to employers with more than 100 people. So if there's a large number of people that, say, leave positions at those companies to go to other employers that aren't bound by the mandate, that could have a substantive disruptive effect on the entire economy.
REICHARD: Are we seeing evidence of those effects already within private companies? Those companies that have voluntarily implemented vaccine mandates for workers?
WATKINS: Well, I mean, I think if you look at a variety of the state mandates that have already gone into effect—especially for state employees—you see some pretty substantial effects. I mean, I think there was a time in which it was almost 50 percent of the police in Chicago were not getting the mandate. And there was substantial risk to the number of, for instance, I think they closed like more than 20 firehouses in New York because firefighters weren't getting vaccinated. There's been substantial effects in a lot of these companies. You saw Southwest Airlines cancel thousands of flights. And a lot of the other airlines, which are federal contractors, and therefore under the federal contractor mandate, have had substantial disruption and they're still trying to recover and try to ensure that they can apply the same level of performance that they had before.
REICHARD: You say a federal vaccine mandate is not constitutional and that the OSHA rules are really just an attempt to get around that fact. How so?
WATKINS: So, there's a couple different things going on here. The first is that there is an individual right of bodily autonomy, where you can control your own medical decisions. You can decide whether or not to get an injection or not to get an injection—in this case a vaccine. Now, the federal government doesn't directly hold you down and inject you against your wishes, but they are clearly trying to coerce you into getting the vaccine even if you don't want to be. That at least implies that there might be some harm to that individual right. And then the question is, what is the federal interest that is available to override that individual right. Now, states clearly have the power to do so. Jacobson was about the state coercing people through a small five dollar fine into getting vaccinated. And the Supreme Court said that's okay, because states have the police power, can oversee the health and safety of their local communities. The federal government does not have the police power. It cannot directly oversee the health and safety of individuals. So while this is a disease that clearly impacts a lot of people's health and safety and that obviously can be used to override that individual right and require or at least coerce people into getting vaccinated, the federal government doesn't have that power where states do.
REICHARD: In terms of constitutionality, let’s flesh this out a bit more: the difference between requiring vaccines for federal contractors vs employees of private companies? What’s the line there?
WATKINS: Yeah, no. It's actually very similar. The federal government has a lot of control over their workers. And it's in some ways the federal government's control over their own workers, similar to how an employer has control over its workers. And so the power of the federal government to mandate vaccines among federal employees is a lot stronger than it would be in requiring private employers to do so. [cough] Generally, private employers can mandate their own employees be vaccinated. But there's a big difference between that and the federal government requiring those same private employers to require their employees to be vaccinated. And that is much more limited. Meanwhile, the federal government requiring federal employees to be vaccinated, the federal government has a lot more power to do that.
REICHARD: If the mandate survives these court challenges, it would then take effect in January. But there is also a provision in there that requires large employers beginning in December to force unvaccinated employees to wear masks. Now, can the federal government enforce that order?
WATKINS: Likely. Again, it doesn't apply to all companies. Not all companies are subject to OSHA. It's only in companies acting interstate commerce. So within that subset of employers, the mask mandate may be legal. We will see. There are some requirements of the statute. I doubt there'd be any constitutional problems with that. But there are still the requirements around necessity and grave danger. For instance, in grave danger, the requirements for a lot of employees may not reach that kind of level. That'll be up to the courts to decide.
REICHARD: Final question and I think you’ve touched on this before. You also contend that while the federal government can’t compel people to get the shots, states probably could compel people to get them. Flesh that out a bit more if you would.
WATKINS: So, I would say coerce them into doing so, not necessarily compel them to do so. I think there is a difference in my mind between, say, a small fine or what the federal government is doing to require testing, which effectively forces the employee to pay for that testing. That is a small monetary incentive to get vaccinated, maybe a little bit of time spent getting tested, things like that. That coerces them into getting vaccinated but doesn't force them to do so. That is something that the states can do because of the police power. And the Supreme Court in Jacobson held that the five dollar fine that the state had imposed was legal under it because of the police power. So I do believe that states do have that power. And that's a traditional power that the states have exercised over health and safety back to the founding. So I don't think that's too much of a problem. There may be a problem, however, if you know states did something really extreme like forcing everyone to get vaccinated whether they want to or not, and like picking people off the street that refused to get vaccinated and forcibly injecting them. That would be maybe a slightly different question. But as to some type of minor coercion, a small penalty or something like what the federal government is doing, a state could do that.
REICHARD: In one line, what’s the bottom line here with all this that’s going?
WATKINS: I think that this has real implications long term for the size and scope of the federal government's power. You know, if the federal government can require all employees to then require their employees to do something, what else can they require in the future? You know, there are people that eat food at work. Obesity causes a lot of health problems. Can the federal government go start mandating how many times people eat broccoli per week because of the risk to people eating in the workplace? There are a lot of other problems and things about society and health generally that are very important. And we need to figure out where the role of the federal government is going to be.
REICHARD: Our guest today has been Devin Watkins with the Competitive Enterprise Institute. Devin, thanks so much! Really appreciate your time.
WATKINS: Thank you.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: Coming up next on The World and Everything in It: a World Tour special report on the conflict in Ethiopia. Here’s WORLD’s reporter in Africa, Onize Ohikere.
AUDIO: [Sound of chanting, singing]
ONIZE OHIKERE, REPORTER: Thousands of pro-government supporters rallied in Ethiopia’s capital on Sunday. They vowed to stand with the military to defend the city against armed rebel groups marching toward it.
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed declared a state of emergency last week as fighters with the Tigray People's Liberation Front advanced on Addis Ababa.
World leaders, including the United States, sent negotiators to Ethiopia to help broker a peace deal. Olusegun Obasanjo is the African Union's high representative for the Horn of Africa.
OBASANJO: The time is now for collective actions in finding a lasting solution to avoid further escalation of the situation.
On Friday, leaders from nine groups fighting the government formed an alliance with one goal: to remove Ahmed from power.
Getachew Reda is a spokesman for the Tigray People's Liberation Front—or TPLF. Despite the group’s goals, he called fears of a bloodbath ridiculous.
REDA: For us, the objective is not Addis Ababa. We are not particularly interested in Addis Ababa, we are interested in making sure that Abiy does not represent a threat to our people anymore.
The conflict started last November when Ahmed sent Ethiopian troops and fighters from neighboring Eritrea into Tigray. He hoped to topple the TPLF because it opposed his government.
After initial government gains, the TPLF retook control of the region and began expanding into neighboring Afar and Amhara. Ahmed responded with a brutal blockade that has sparked a severe humanitarian crisis.
Getachew Reda said the TPLF is not interested in returning to the power it held in the country before Ahmed’s election in 2018.
REDA: We want to make sure that our people’s voice is heard, we have to make sure that our people exercise their right to self-determination including holding a referendum to determine whether they should remain a part of Ethiopia or become independent.
Trisha Okenge is the Ethiopia country director for the Christian aid group Food for the Hungry.
Okenge says the year-long conflict has been especially hard on families.
OKENGE: And it really struck me when the mothers were saying how frustrated they felt because they were not dependent on aid prior to this conflict happening. They were business women. They had companies. They had assets. They had employees. They had offices. And all of a sudden they found themselves internally displaced.
According to the United Nations, more than 5 million people in the region need humanitarian assistance. Nearly half a million are living in famine-like conditions and child malnutrition levels are extremely high.
Okenge says the mothers she met earlier this year are struggling to explain the situation to their children, who never knew hunger until now.
OKENGE: And the the heartbreak that they felt as moms was so poignant to me, because I think it drives home to me the entire humanitarian aspect of this. I know that there are conflicting views. There are conflicting opinions about how the aid is being distributed, how people are benefiting from it, but at the end of the day, it's really those moms and those babies who don't have anything to do with the conflict. They just want to live.
That’s this week’s World Tour. Reporting for WORLD, I’m Onize Ohikere in Abuja, Nigeria.
NICK EICHER, HOST: We’ve all heard of messages in bottles washing up on shores an ocean away. But something quite a bit larger than a bottle turned up on Ireland’s Atlantic coast.
Keith McGreal was strolling along a beach with his family when he spotted a large blue object.
McGreal told tv station WMBF...
MCGREAL: This was like a big message in a bottle. This has come all the way across the ocean from America.
The object was a large blue trash barrel.
But how did he know it came from America?
Easy. The trash barrel bore the official seal of the city of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
City officials say stiff winds likely blew it into the water.
No worries. McGreal said the barrel is apparently being put to good use. It’s standing upright on the beach, and the last time he saw it, it was half full of trash.
Repurposed to its original purpose.
It’s The World and Everything in It.
NICK EICHER, HOST: Today is Wednesday, November 10th. You’re listening to WORLD Radio and we’re glad you’ve joined us today.
Good morning. I’m Nick Eicher.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard.
Well, a quick word of encouragement to you if you’re a regular listener, you love the program, but have yet to become a supporter. This is your month—November—it’s new-giver month!
The kind of journalism you hear right here every day just isn’t possible without the many donors who give small amounts that add up to one amount, large enough to keep us going.
EICHER: And once again we have a family willing to match new gifts—a dollar-for-dollar match, up to $40,000. So, put simply, if you give $25 the match kicks in and doubles it, makes it a $50 gift. Twice as nice!
We’re all in this together, so thanks very much for considering coming on board with a gift of support.
REICHARD: Just go to wng.org/donate and make your first-ever gift today. wng.org/donate
EICHER: We’ve got Apple Pay, we’ve got Google Pay—depending upon your browser—safe and secure, if you’ve never given before and you appreciate this program, we’d be grateful if you could help support it.
REICHARD: Coming next on The World and Everything in It: Turkeys. With Thanksgiving just two weeks away, our feathered friends are once again in the spotlight. But producing turkey meat products is really a year-round business. And there’s no better place to observe turkeys than Minnesota, the turkey capital of the United States.
EICHER: Farmers there raise more than 40 million turkeys each year. WORLD Senior Correspondent Kim Henderson recently visited one of those operations and brings us this report.
KIM HENDERSON, SENIOR CORRESPONDENT: You’ve heard the nursery rhyme, “This little piggy went to market . . . “ Well, three days from now at Fahlun Farms, it will be, “This little turkey went to market . . .” Only these birds aren’t so little.
VLAMINCK: Our goal is to get them up to somewhere between 42 to 48 pounds, that’s what we're looking to market . . .
That’s 52-year-old Jake Vlaminck, general manager of Fahlun Farms. He’s showing me a barn full of ready-to-go toms, male turkeys. That’s all Vlaminck grows, not the 15-pound hens that end up on a Thanksgiving table. The meat of Vlaminck’s 45-pound toms goes on your deli sandwich and in packages of ground turkey and turkey bacon.
VLAMINCK: They're really excited to see us. They're actually looking to pick a fight. They're really aggressive at this age. If I went into that barn, they'd be clawing and scratching me and jumping on me. So it's very, it's very challenging at this age, because they're getting excited about being adults.
Excited enough to push one turkey through a closed gate. Vlaminck manhandles his bird, a Nicolas Super Select, back into the pen.
It’s a noisy place, because they’re all males. You see, it’s toms that gobble. Hens just make a clicking sound.
AUDIO: [TRUCK CRANKING]
By the time these turkeys leave, they’ll be almost 5 months old. The process really starts at the brooder site. It’s a different set of barns.
Right now, they hold 40,000 brand new turkeys.
VLAMINCK: We get them in at one day of age. And we place them in little boxes and keep them a little cardboard tents basically . . .
But getting the barn ready for the new placement was a job, too. It has to be a perfectly sterile environment.
AUDIO: [BARN NOISE]
The barn is washed top to bottom. Tons of wood shavings for the floor are brought in.
And before Vlaminck and his 10 employees can enter the space, they have to pass through a biosecurity process. Disease is a big threat.
VLAMINCK: We're going to just kind of dip the soles of our shoes in this little bit to get any contaminants off. We'll put on some plastic booties . . .
The metal-sided barn houses an intricate system of feeders and water lines. It’s a purposeful 85 degrees here. Without mothers to help them regulate their body temperature, the babies need it warm.
VLAMINCK: So right now these birds are 11 days old. When they first come, they're very small...
The poults, covered in white feathers and weighing a half pound each, are behind a barrier.
AUDIO: [BIRDS MOVING TOWARD HIM]
But they move toward Vlaminck like an incoming tide when he walks up. Like they’re happy to see him.
VLAMINCK: Yeah, they are. They're always very curious. Quite a social animal.
At this stage, the flock eats a soybean and corn crumble mixture and goes through some 100 gallons of water a day. Vlaminck points out the tip of one bird’s nose.
VLAMINCK: So they basically microwave the tip of his nose a little bit, so he doesn't have a sharp point on it. And then that allows him to eat better, and they can't peck each other so much.
It’s a new process developed by his wife’s cousin. The turkey business is family business in Minnesota.
Vlaminck’s wife, Stacey, is the daughter of a turkey farmer. The sister of a turkey farmer. The aunt of a turkey farmer. So she knew what her husband was getting into after his 20-year career with Fed Ex.
Stacey remembers her dad couldn’t take vacations. He had long days.
STACY: ...and then always did chores in the evening. So he would take off again and go out for an hour to check on the birds.
But technology has brought some changes. Sensors fill automated food hoppers. A system can call Vlaminck in the middle of the night to report malfunctioning heaters.
Still, it’s farming.
VLAMINCK: Every day you wake up, you’re like, “What’s broken today?” Because you know something’s broken . . .
And it’s a job that doesn’t care about calendars.
VLAMINCK: Yep, we're raising birds 365. So a lot of times we have to place birds when they're available since we're dealing with a live product. If it has to come on Christmas Eve, we've done that before . . .
But these days the biggest problem facing Vlaminck and other turkey farmers isn’t the holidays. It’s a labor shortage. He and a contingent from the Minnesota Turkey Growers Association recently went to Washington, D.C., to express their concerns.
VLAMINCK: We need more labor to process our birds. If our birds don't get processed at the processing plant, we have to hold them here longer . . .
U.S. turkey consumption has nearly doubled since 1970. The Vlamincks make sure it’s often on their menu. And after our interview, they made sure a freshly ground turkey patty was on mine. Carefully cooked to the recommended 165 degrees.
VLAMINCK: Yep, we’re there . . .
While we’re eating, the farmer gets a call. The loading pickup is scheduled. It’s a done deal.
VLAMINCK: I’m excited. Get rid of those birds.
And that’s how these little turkeys went to market.
Reporting for WORLD, I’m Kim Henderson in Willmar, Minnesota.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: Today is Wednesday, November 10th. Good morning! This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Mary Reichard.
NICK EICHER, HOST: And I’m Nick Eicher. What is the meaning of the word “secular?” WORLD founder Joel Belz now on how that meaning has changed over time.
JOEL BELZ, FOUNDER: Words have this sneaky habit of changing their meaning. Take, for example, our use of the word “secular.”
Used to be the term “secular” was meant to distinguish something from that which was “religious.” Especially in my boyhood context, it seemed to help us sort folks out by their occupation. Somehow, we came to know that pastors, many teachers, and especially foreign missionaries were “religious.” Their counterparts were “secular.”
Those of us on the WORLD staff frequently find ourselves queried by young, aspiring journalists: “Which path should I take—secular journalism or religious?”
The answer may seem simple. But that question and its answer were probably never as easy as we once made them. In this deceptive age, they are almost certainly full of nuance and error.
For example, it’s been more than 10 years since I found myself in a conversation with a handful of Christian students pursuing journalism careers. At issue was a question raised by a WORLD columnist: “Do secularists like us?” What startled me was the difficulty a dozen bright young Christians had defining a secularist.
As a working journalist for the last half-century, I’m happy to operate on some terminology I used back then with that group: “A secularist is someone who rejects supernatural explanations for human events, and instead bases his own arguments on purely natural explanations.”
To make things even more obvious, let’s see how things stand if we suggest replacing the word “secular” with the word “godless.” Since almost everyone agrees that secularism means quite directly to exclude the supernatural, we’re not being mean-spirited when we refer to secularism as “godless.” Secularism, by definition, just doesn’t make room for God in the whole equation of things. Secularism doesn’t think he’s all that significant or important.
So it was a high priority for me to warn these young people the world and the context they were soon to inherit was increasingly godless. In the past, it may not have been so deliberately or viciously so—but the past is past. In its view of origins, its understanding of where everything that’s here originally came from, the world that’s out there now just assumes that the evolutionary explanation is correct. There’s just simply no place for God in the greater scheme of things.
And when you ask what has gone wrong with the world’s order of things, it’s not a question of the world somehow being in rebellion against that creator God. After all, he’s not really part of the picture.
And when you ask what the best answer might be for putting all these broken pieces back together again—well, even to allude to the redeeming work of Jesus is to change the subject.
One of the big differences between the America I grew up in and the America these journalism students have inherited is that 40-50 years ago, there was room at least to pretend the God of the Bible was part of the whole scheme of things.
But these days we don’t need to waste time trying to decide if it was real or pretense. These days, “secular” means “godless.” That’s the kind of world we all have inherited.
I’m Joel Belz.
NICK EICHER, HOST: Tomorrow: social pressure from China. We’ll find out how Beijing’s influence over Hollywood and professional sports fits into a wider influence campaign.
And, remembering the Pilgrims. We’ll meet a man on a mission to share the story of the country’s early colonizers.
That and more tomorrow.
I’m Nick Eicher.
MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard.
The World and Everything in It comes to you from WORLD Radio.
WORLD’s mission is biblically objective journalism that informs, educates, and inspires.
The Bible says: Bear with one another and, if one has a complaint against another, forgive each other; as the Lord has forgiven you, so you also must forgive.
Go now in grace and peace.
WORLD Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of WORLD Radio programming is the audio record.
Please wait while we load the latest comments...
Comments
Please register, subscribe, or log in to comment on this article.