The World and Everything in It: August 8, 2023

The World and Everything in It is brought to you by listeners like me. I'm Jeff Vanden Heuvel with my wife Darlene, we live in Tulare, California, where I'm a dairy industry consultant. We begin the day by listening to The World and Everything In It. We sure hope you enjoy today's program.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: Good morning!

A university hazing scandal moves officials to change the ground rules.

BUCKNER: There has been some work on trying to create a student athletes Bill of Rights here in Illinois.

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: Also, a religious liberty roundup with Steve West.

Plus, can A-I give researchers fresh insight?

SCHUURMAN: If you're working with theology or other sensitive topics, you don't want a machine that's going to generate heresies and so on.

BROWN: And WORLD commentator Andree Seu Peterson on when evil appears as good. 

REICHARD: It’s Tuesday, August 8th. This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Mary Reichard.

BROWN: And I’m Myrna Brown. Good morning!

REICHARD: Up next, Kent Covington with today’s news.

Gold Star families call for accountability » The families of soldiers killed in action testified on Monday … about a deadly suicide bombing in Afghanistan during the U.S. military pullout two years ago.

Darin Hoover’s son, Marine Sergeant Taylor Hoover was among those lost in the attack.

HOOVER: Admit to your mistakes. Learn from them so that this doesn’t happen ever, ever again.

Hoover said members of the Biden administration should have resigned over the catastrophic withdrawal.

Christy Shamblin also shared her grief. She’s the mother-in-law of fallen Marine Sergeant Nicole Gee.

SHAMBLIN: I can’t even begin to piece together the words that would convey to you the devastation her murder has brought to our family.

Thirteen U.S. service members were killed in the blast at the Kabul airport.

Trump legal » Former President Donald Trump’s legal team on Monday urged the judge overseeing the latest criminal case against him … to reject a request from teh Justice Department to limit what Trump’s allowed to say publicly about the case. WORLD’s Josh Schumacher has more.

JS: Trump’s lawyers say the Justice Department’s proposed protective order concerning evidence in the case … is overly broad. They argue it would violate Trump’s First Amendment rights.

The attorneys said the judge should instead impose a more limited protective order that would only stop Trump from sharing materials deemed “sensitive." Those might include things like grand jury documents.

Protective orders aren't unusual in criminal cases, but Trump’s attorneys say then again … most defendants aren’t in the middle of a campaign for president of the United States.

For WORLD, I’m Josh Schumacher.

Candidates in IA » Republican White House hopefuls are blitzing early voting states this week.

Former Ambassador to the U-N Nikki Haley touted her foreign policy credentials … and sounded alarms about a growing threat from Beijing.

HALEY: China has been planning war with the United States for years. That’s not overdramatizing. This is the biggest threat we’ve had since Pearl Harbor.

Haley heard there in Iowa before stumping in New Hamphsire on Monday.

She was one of seven Republican candidates to take the stage at an event hosted by Iowa Republican congresswoman Ashley Hinson.

North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum also attended, saying he’s the right man to get the U-S economy firing on all cylinders. He blasted President Biden’s policies … pointing to trade deficits and the spiraling national debt.

BURGUM: And the Biden administration tries to tell all of us, ‘Don’t worry, inflation is going down.’ That’s code word for - prices are increasing not as fast as they were yesterday.

DeSantis/NBC abortion » Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis spoke in Iowa, as well.

Also this week, DeSantis sparred with NBC reporter Dasha Burns over late-term abortion.

DESANTIS: I would not allow what a lot of the left wants to do, which is to override pro-life protections throughout the country, all the way up really to the moment of birth in some instances, which I think is infanticide.

Burns interrupted, calling DeSantis’ remarks a “misrepresentation.” But the governor continued …

DESANTIS: Their view is that all the way up until that, there should not be any legal protections.
BURNS: There is no indication of Democrats pushing for that.

In a video NBC posted to social media, it cut off the governor’s rebuttal.

But in fact, numerous Democratic politicians have promoted abortion without legal limits.

One example heard here in an interview last year with then-Ohio Congressman Tim Ryan. Fox News’ Brett Baier asked if there should be any restrictions on abortion.

BAIER: Late term, anything?
RYAN: Look, you gotta leave it up to the woman.

And some pro-abortion activists have publicly pushed for legalized abortion until birth.

Saudi Arabia summit » U-S national security adviser Jake Sullivan met briefly with a top Chinese official over the weekend in Saudi Arabia …at a summit aimed at bringing the war in Ukraine to a peaceful end.

And State Department Spokesman Matt Miller he was glad that China chose to participate.

MILLER - The United States is happy to play any role that is productive, to stand with our Ukrainian partners. And we would welcome any other country that wants to play a productive role as well.

Miller emphasized that no peace talks had taken place directly between Ukraine and Russia.

Tou Thao » A Minnesota judge has sentenced former Minneapolis police officer Tou Thao to nearly five years behind bars … for his part in the death of George Floyd.

He would be the fourth officer to serve prison time in relation to the incident.

But his attorney Robert Paule said Thao will appeal.

PAULE: I would point out that my client did not begin that day, did not go out to this call with anything but the purest of intentions.

Thao argues that he didn’t participate in the 2020 killing and only held back bystanders.

CORRECTION » And finally this morning, a correction. On the July 25 episode of The World and Everything in It, we reported on legislation in Louisiana protecting minors from transgender interventions. The report should have stated that the legislature had overridden Governor John Bel Edwards' veto of the bill. The law is set to take effect January first.

I'm KENT COVINGTON.

Straight ahead: The harms of athletic hazing.

Plus, a conversation with a C. S. Lewis chatbot.

This is The World and Everything in It.

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: It’s Tuesday, the 8th of August, 2023.

You’re listening to WORLD Radio and we’re so glad you are. Good morning! I’m Myrna Brown.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard.

First up on The World and Everything in It…when bonding with a team goes wrong.

Quick warning to parents…this story deals with some forms of abuse that may not be suitable for younger listeners to hear about. We don’t go into detail, but you may want to hit pause and come back later.

BROWN: Joining a sports team can involve some initiation activities for college athletes… to test their character and grit. But some teams go beyond testing into the humiliation of hazing.

That’s a practice that often involves abusive behavior, alcoholism, and even illicit sexual acts. Hazing’s billed as part of building solidarity and bonding as a team.

REICHARD: The NCAA reports that at least ¾ of college athletes undergo hazing.

Last month, Northwestern University fired football coach Pat Fitzgerald for turning a blind eye to the practice. Now, former Northwestern athletes are going public with their stories of abusive hazing.

WORLD Intern Alex Carmenaty brings us the story.

ALEX CARMENATY, CORRESPONDENT: Last month, Lloyd Yates became the first named football player to sue Northwestern in the school’s hazing scandal. He played quarterback for the Wildcats from 2015 to 2017. During a press conference, Yates spoke about abuse he experienced within the football program.

YATES: Upon arrival to campus, we were thrown into a culture where physical, emotional and sexual abuse was normalized…We were all victims, no matter what our role was at the time.

Civil Rights Attorney Ben Crump filed the lawsuit on behalf of Yates. Yates is one of twelve former Northwestern athletes Crump represents.

CRUMP: It is apparent to us that it is a toxic culture that was rampant in the athletic department at Northwestern University

The hazing practices included making players do naked pull-ups and slap boxing them over the head. Yates detailed the approach he and many others took during their time with the Wildcats.

YATES: The culture was so strong that we felt we had to go with it to survive, to be respected, and to earn the trust within the football program.

The day after Northwestern fired football coach Pat Fitzgerald, Illinois State Representative Kam Buckner proposed a statewide bill aiming to protect athletes coming forward with allegations of abuse.

BUCKNER: There has been some work on trying to create a student athletes Bill of Rights here in Illinois the legislation that we're working on now regarding these allegations I wanted to pause what we were doing and come back and see if there were things that we can add that could protect student athletes in these situations.

A former football player at the University of Illinois, Representative Buckner never saw allegations coming from Chicago’s Big Ten school.

BUCKNER: What we saw, what we heard and what the allegations are saying about Northwestern to me they go behind hazing as I've said I think this these are true allegations This is assault on unwanted touching unwanted activity.

Bruce Stegner played college soccer in the 1980s at Hofstra University on Long Island. A high school and college soccer coach for more than 30 years, he's noticed a change in how athletes view hazing.

STEGNER: You know when I was an athlete it definitely was not as discussed, not as you know worrisome. There weren’t the guidelines and the rules or regulations that there are today.

The NCAA most recently updated its hazing guidelines back in 2016. New information details the dangers of sanctioned hazing practices, and how to report on them. Stegner thinks problems occur when precautions are not taken seriously.

STEGNER: In most universities, I believe you have a compliance and you have a department that also meets with the athletes and explains to them what the guidelines are. So when you have all those avenues and people are still either ignoring them, or, you know, not paying attention to them, or maybe it's not communicated enough in some situations, I guess it lends itself to potentially having problems.

Secular colleges aren't the only places where hazing plagues athletes. Brian Smith is an author and blogger who follows incidents of hazing on Christian campuses.

SMITH: As you dig into athletes' stories you hear, yeah, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. And in this particular case, one of the ugly instances was this former athlete who had an instance of multiple times she was raped as part of a college teams tradition.

Since Yates first came forward last month, Northwestern now has 10 hazing lawsuits filed against its athletic department. And the complaints go beyond the football team. Attorney Patrick Salvi Jr. represents former players from multiple programs.

SALVI JR: We know of course about the baseball coach, having been fired for bullying and intimidation and other wrongful acts…we've heard not only from volleyball players...Also softball men's soccer and we've heard stories from field hockey and other sports as well. So it seems to be a widespread problem that stretches all the way up throughout the athletic department and to the highest levels of the institution.

While the issue goes to the highest levels, the best solution will start on a much smaller scale.

SMITH: And that’s the idea of repentance is you're going one way and you stop and you go the other way. And so there, there needs to be something in the heart of athletes and coaches and in people surrounding sports where there's this conviction of this is wrong. This is an affront to the image of God. This is sinful.

Reporting for WORLD, I'm Alex Carmenaty.

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: Coming up next on The World and Everything in It:

New fronts in the fight to preserve religious liberty and free speech.

WORLD legal reporter Steve West joins us now to talk about three cases related to first amendment rights in the public square.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: Steve, good morning.

STEVE WEST, REPORTER: Good morning, Mary.

REICHARD: Well, let’s start with the case of Courtney Rogers. She was a human resources recruiter at Compass Group…a global food services company with over 400,000 employees. Her job was to focus on the upward mobility of employees inside the company. But then last year, the company launched a race-based diversity initiative. That didn’t sit well with Rogers, and so she went to her superiors. Steve, what was wrong and how did her boss respond?

WEST: Well, initially, she was assured that there wouldn't be any blowback if she came forward with her concerns. And so she just laid it out. White males were specifically excluded from a mentorship and training program meant to help employees advance their careers. So she told him, her supervisor, that this was illegal, unethical, and violated her religious beliefs, and so she could not work on the program. And once she shared her concerns, her supervisor pretty much assured her that while he disagreed with her, she wouldn't have to work on the program.

REICHARD: As I understand it, though, that didn't last, right?

WEST: Right. In less than a month, he was back this time to tell her there would be no accommodation even though she had arranged for a coworker to swap duties with her. His last words were take the weekend and decide what she wants to do, implying that she either needed to get on board, resign, or be fired. So she stuck to her guns. They fired her. She sued. And she seems to have a good case. But it's only just begun. The company has not yet responded to the complaint. So this is one we'll have to continue to watch.

REICHARD: Yeah, definitely. Well, from work to school. When COVID forced kids to learn from home, parents saw up close the disturbing resources many schools provided to them. Groups of concerned parents like Moms for Liberty have been advocating for schools to remove those explicit materials, or at least set some age limits. In states like Florida, they're even seeing some success in getting laws passed. But some of those efforts have run into legal challenges. Steve, tell us about those challenges.

WEST: Well, states are responding to parents concerns about very graphic sexually explicit books—books no one listening to this program would want their kids to have access to. Opponents like the American Library Association or PEN America trumpet free speech and call these laws book bans. They're hardly that. School boards and government officials are defining what is age appropriate to be in school libraries and limiting access to certain books. The books are available everywhere else. The latest challenge, for example, is to a Texas law that requires book vendors to assign ratings to books based on the presence of or depictions or references to sex. Books with a sexually explicit rating will be removed from bookshelves, books with a sexually relevant rating can be checked out by students with parental permission. That doesn't sound like a book ban.

REICHARD: So, how have these attempts fared in the courts?

WEST: That's still to be determined. In 2022, the ACLU filed a lawsuit over a Missouri county school board’s removal of books from a school library and a federal judge sidestepped that one saying that that was really a matter for school boards. Challenges are ongoing in Florida and Arkansas. But I think this indicates the importance of parents being involved, showing up at school boards, being aware of what's in the school library and what your child is reading. And while some laws may need some tailoring, there should be a legal way to get at this.

REICHARD: Well, to wrap this up, we do have a win to report for the Amish. And as you know, the Amish are a religious group that live by strict guidelines that limit their use of modern technology like cars, phones…and some aspects of indoor plumbing. Steve, tell us about this case, and why it matters for the rest of us.

WEST: For many people, the Amish community’s low-tech lifestyle seems a bit peculiar. And yet for Minnesota’s Schwartzentruber branch of the Amish, not using septic tank systems to treat greywater—non-toilet household waste—is an article of faith. But that’s what got them into hot water with county officials who were seeking to enforce septic tank regulations. The Amish wanted to treat their waste through mulch ponds, but the county rejected that idea. So, a lawsuit followed. Initially, the Amish community lost, but last month a state appeals court ruled in its favor, finding that the state did not have a compelling enough reason to overcome their religious liberty interest.

REICHARD: Well, Steve, are there any lessons that we can learn from these three cases we've discussed?

WEST: Oh, sure. One is the importance of defending religious liberty and free speech. You know, 28-year-old Courtney Rogers has the courage to stand up to a global corporation peddling a racist program, and parents who have jobs and homes to take care of her going to school board meetings to voice concerns. And an Amish community that would like to mind its own business is fighting a court battle because their religious beliefs matter. You know, it all reminds me, just to echo Francis Schaeffer, that there are no little people and no little places. And I'd add, no little stories.

REICHARD: No little stories. Steve West is a legal reporter for WORLD. You can keep up with stories like these in his weekly Liberties newsletter. We’ve included a link in today’s show notes: https://wng.org/newsletters/subscribe

Thank you so much Steve!

WEST: Thank you, Mary.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: You’re driving down the highway when all of a sudden…you’re skidding on a massive slick of nacho cheese!

Yep, it happened last week on I-30… 100 miles southwest of Little Rock. On Taco Tuesday, no less!

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: I’ll bet it was the taco of the town!

REICHARD: (Nick, is that you?!) A truck filled with cans of cheese veered off the road, spilling goo all over the place.

BROWN: Nacho lucky day!

REICHARD: Transportation Department folks got out the Bobcat tractors to scoop it all up.

BROWN: No one can claim it because it’s nacho cheese!

REICHARD: I think Little Rock TV personality Cassandra Webb landed it with this: "Nacho ordinary highway spill. Certainly not the best queso scenario. Thankfully, it's all clear, and it's nacho problem anymore."

BROWN: Just needed a truck of chips to go along with the cheese!

REICHARD: It’s The World and Everything in It.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: Today is Tuesday, August 8th. Thank you for turning to WORLD Radio to help start your day.

Good morning. I’m Mary Reichard.

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: And I’m Myrna Brown.

Coming next on The World and Everything in It: the promise of artificial intelligence.

Last November, ChatGPT launched and it’s been causing headaches for educators ever since. The program can write essays in a variety of styles and teachers have caught students using it to cheat. A few school systems have banned ChatGPT from their servers.

REICHARD: But some experts believe ChatGPT has the potential to add great value to education. They say it can help us better understand great writers and thinkers of the past—not by writing essays about them but by letting them speak for themselves.

WORLD senior writer Emma Freire did some unusual interviews and brings us this report.

LEWIS BOT: My Christian faith greatly influenced the Chronicles of Narnia. As a devout believer, I sought to weave elements of Christian allegory throughout the series.

EMMA FREIRE, REPORTER: That’s not actually CS Lewis. It’s a chatbot programmed to answer as if it were the famous apologist and writer. I asked it the question, “Why did you write the Chronicles of Narnia?”

LEWIS BOT: My hope was that readers would not only enjoy the fantastical adventures of Narnia, but also discover deeper spiritual truths along the way. Lastly, I must admit that my own personal struggles and experiences found their way into the stories. The loss of my mother at a young age, the horrors of war, and the complexities of human nature all found their place in the Chronicles of Narnia.

Derek Schuurman programmed the CS Lewis chatbot using ChatGPT. Schuurman is a professor of Computer Science at Calvin University in Michigan.

SCHUURMAN: It's one fun little thing I'm playing with. I don't know to what extent this will be something that will be helpful for people, (fades under) but it's kind of a new feature of some of these large language models, they can take on personas, including personas of theologians and philosophers.

ChatGPT is a kind of artificial intelligence tool known as a large language model. But what is that exactly?

SCHUURMAN: It's an A.I. technique that uses machine learning that harvests a very large dataset of written language and then uses that to train a system. So basically it can output plausibly-sounding text based on a prompt input. And actually, it has no understanding. But what it does, it just predicts the probability of the next word in a chain of words and strings them together in a way so that they actually sound quite plausible.

Schuurman thinks ChatGPT’s ability to work through large quantities of text gives it vast potential for education and scholarship.

SCHUURMAN: I think as a computer scientist, I'm trying to tease out the responsible possibilities of this tool, to put it that way. But others are thinking about this, too, like whether or not you could train a large language model on the corpus of someone's work or on a topical area like systematic theology or something, and then actually use it to help researchers and others learn about a topic.

Schuurman’s pilot effort was a chatbot based on Abraham Kuyper, the reformed theologian, journalist and prime minister of the Netherlands who died in 1920. Schuurman has mixed feelings about the fact that the chatbots speak in the first person. But his experiment with Kuyper went so well that he also made chatbots for John Calvin, J.R.R. Tolkien, Saint Augustine, Dutch theologians Herman Bavinck and Herman Dooyeweerd, and of course CS Lewis.

I asked the Lewis chatbot who CS Lewis would vote for in the 2024 presidential election if he were alive and eligible.

LEWIS BOT: If I were eligible to vote in 2024, my decision would be guided by principles rooted in a Christian worldview. While I cannot predict the specific candidates that will be running, I would look for qualities such as integrity, wisdom, and a deep respect for human dignity.

ChatGPT might also be used to answer questions we still have about an author’s work. For example, at the end of Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, the hobbits return from their long quest only to find their home—the Shire—has been taken over by enemies. I asked the Tolkien chatbot why Tolkien wrote that section rather than cutting straight to a traditional happy ending:

TOLKIEN BOT: The Shire's invasion serves as a reminder that evil knows no bounds and can infiltrate even the most innocent and idyllic of places. By subjecting the hobbits to the harsh reality of war and the corruption of their homeland, I aimed to demonstrate that the fight against evil is not limited to distant lands but can touch every corner of our world. The hobbits, who initially seemed ill-prepared for such conflict, were forced to confront the darkness within their own borders and discover their true strength.

That’s pretty accurate. Still, ChatGPT does make mistakes. I asked the Lewis chatbot why CS Lewis married his wife Joy Davidman, and this was part of its answer.

LEWIS BOT: We realized that our connection was much more than just friendship. Despite our age difference and the fact that I had never contemplated marrying again after the loss of my beloved wife, Joy and I fell deeply in love.

That’s not true. CS Lewis was only married once—to Joy—and she’s the one who died. When ChatGPT makes up information like this, developers call it “hallucinating.” It’s a major limitation of the technology.

After launching his chatbots, Schuurman realized he needed to add a disclaimer. It says: “This chatbot is experimental and may occasionally respond with untrue or inappropriate material. Your mileage may vary.”

SCHUURMAN: If you're working with theology or other sensitive topics, you don't want a machine that's going to generate heresies and so on. So you need a responsible, knowledgeable individual using it as a tool and understanding its limitations.

But as ChatGPT’s technology improves, Schuurman believes its potential to help us connect with the great authors and thinkers of the past will improve as well.

Reporting for WORLD, I’m Emma Freire.

MYRNA BROWN, HOST: Today is Tuesday, August 8th. Good morning! This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Myrna Brown.

MARY REICHARD, HOST: And I’m Mary Reichard. Many evils of our day masquerade as “angels of light.” Here’s WORLD Magazine commentator Andrée Sue Peterson.

ANDREE SUE PETERSON, COMMENTATOR: Akira Kurosawa’s 1990 film Dreams is based on eight actual dreams, of which I remember only the one called “Blizzard.”

It depicts four mountaineers in Japan caught in a blinding whiteout. Three succumb. The fourth is met by a mysterious woman in white who gently drapes her shawl over his folded body while singing softly: “The snow is warm … the ice is hot.” Sinking into sleep, the man suddenly shakes off the witch, who ascends into a violent tangle of skirts and long black hair. He continues on his journey, soon finding his campsite.

There is little in the imagination of man more ­terrifying than the angel who turns out to be a demon, what the Bible calls the masquerading “angel of light.”

This is the way of evil in our day, the library drag queen winsomely reading stories to toddlers, cherry red rouge smeared on his stubbled face. The mothers smile: “See there? They’re nice people.” But there will be a ­violent tangle at the bitter end.

Abortion proponents came humbly once. They only wanted it “legal, safe, and rare”; now you must “Shout your abortion.” Sexual deviators only wanted to “coexist”; now the johnny-come-lately squatters under your roof would evict you from your own house.

Next stop on the Beelzebub Express: assisted dying. It too comes gentle and reasonable at first.

Three times in my life I was so sick that if a button had been available that I could press to end it all, I may well have done it. That would have been premature. I got better, and am glad to be alive. Good thing I didn’t live in modern Canada, where Justin Trudeau’s government is happy to abet you in your fleeting, half-mad wishes.

They care, you see. “The snow is warm … the ice is hot,” they sing. Why should the aged cancer patient suffer? Except now it’s not just ­octogenarians; the 2016 “medical assistance in dying” (MAID) extends its motherly arms to teenagers with mental illness. It’s easier on the coffers too, of course. Soon permission to die will become responsibility to die.

A character named Isaac in Woody Allen’s Manhattan is suicidal but pulls himself back from the ledge by making a list of things to live for:

MOVIE CLIP: [:47] Groucho Marx, Willie Mays, the second movement of the Jupiter Symphony, Louis Armstrong, Potato Head Blues.…

Contrast that to a 2022 Canadian fashion house ad titled “All Is Beauty,” featuring a young woman named Jennyfer a few days before her actual death. She also cites the beautiful things of life—bubbles, the ocean, music—but arrives at the opposite conclusion: Choose death.

No one reaches a conclusion like that without considerable help. Without patient indoctrination in how beautiful death is, and how noble to end your own life.

Subtle are the witch’s lovely hands in Kurosawa’s Dreams. While the beleaguered wayfarer sinks deep into her siren song and rests inside her folds, they seem to move with tenderness upon his form. ’Tis only when he slightly stirs and tries to rise again that you observe her hands stiffen and push him to keep him down. The tyranny of evil looks like love until you mount resistance. Underneath the velvet glove there lurks the iron fist.

I’m Andree Seu Peterson.

MARY REICHARD: Tomorrow on Washington Wednesday: What happened to the Ron DeSantis mojo? We’ll talk about why his presidential campaign is struggling.

And, the art and science of food preservation. We’ll spend some time in the kitchen with a home canner.

That and more tomorrow.

I’m Mary Reichard.

MYRNA BROWN: And I'm Myrna Brown.

The World and Everything in It comes to you from WORLD Radio.

WORLD’s mission is biblically objective journalism that informs, educates, and inspires.

[The Bible says the high priest asked Jesus], “Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed?” And Jesus said, “I am, and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven.” And the high priest tore his garments and said, “What further witnesses do we need? You have heard his blasphemy. What is your decision?” And [the counsel] all condemned him as deserving death. Mark 14, some of verse 61 through verse 63.

Go now in grace and peace.

WORLD Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of WORLD Radio programming is the audio record.