The World and Everything in It: April 23, 2025

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: Good morning!

Harvard takes the White House to court after billions in federal grants are frozen. It’s all part of a political tug-of-war over antisemitism, DEI, and how much say Washington ought to have.

WISHING: If you take federal money, there are strings attached

NICK EICHER, HOST: That’s ahead on Washington Wednesday.

Also today, news from around the globe on WORLD Tour.

And northern border towns come to terms with the conflict between the US and Canada.

SOLA: It isn’t just the tariffs, it isn’t just the financial, it’s the emotional relationship that unfortunately has been fractured.

MAST: It’s Wednesday, April 23rd. This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Lindsay Mast.

EICHER: And I’m Nick Eicher. Good morning!

REICHARD: Up next, Mark Mellinger with today’s news.

MARK MELLINGER, NEWS ANCHOR: Trump walks back intent to fire Powell, Wall Street rallies » President Trump is changing his tune on termination, now saying he has no plans to fire Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell.

TRUMP: I would like to see him be a little more active in terms of his idea to lower interest rates. This is a perfect time to lower interest rates. If he doesn’t, is it the end? No, it’s not, but it would be good timing.

Trump previously suggested he might try to fire Powell for not lowering interest rates. Those comments, last week and earlier this week, sent the U.S. financial markets tumbling.

But his new position should further the calmer nerves on Wall Street Tuesday. The three major stock indices -the Dow, NASDAQ, and S & P- were all up two-and-a-half percent or more at the closing bell.

Bessent: China trade war ‘unsustainable’ » The main reason for the rallying stocks: Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent.

At a closed door event, he told investors he expects a de-escalation in the U.S. trade war with China calling the present standoff between the two countries unsustainable.

Reporters asked the president to weigh in on Bessent’s comments.

TRUMP: We’re doing fine with China. We’re doing fine with every, I think, almost every country. Everybody wants to have involvement with the United States.

A baseline tariff of 10 percent remains in effect for most U.S. trading partners while the White House tries to work out long-term deals country by country. But tariffs on China shot up to 245 percent last week.

State Department outlines reorganization plan » The U.S. State Department is starting an overhaul.

In a written statement Tuesday, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said he sees the State Department as being at odds with the president and the country, so he’s working to bring it under control by getting rid of overlap in foreign offices.

State Department spokeswoman Tammy Bruce:

BRUCE: Region-specific functions will be consolidated to increase functionality. Redundant offices will be removed. And non-statutory programs that are misaligned with America’s core national interests will cease to exist.

The overhaul also calls for a 15 percent agency workforce reduction in the U.S.

SCOTUS hears LGBTQ books case » The U.S. Supreme Court appears to be leaning in favor of parents with religious objections to their elementary-aged children being forced to read LGBTQ-themed books at school.

The High Court heard arguments Tuesday in a case out of Montgomery County, Maryland where the public school system refused to let parents with religious objections opt their children out of a language arts class with pro-LGBTQ reading materials.

PERSAK: This is not a matter of banning curriculum or stopping others from following their beliefs. It is about protecting our right as parents to decide what our children learn and when, especially when it comes to sensitive issues like gender, sexuality, and family life.

That’s Melissa Persak, a concerned parent of a Montgomery County student.

Opponents of an opt-out say it puts too much of a burden on schools, and argue no one’s being forced to change their religious beliefs or practices.

A decision will probably come in June. Based on the justices’ questions and comments in the courtroom Tuesday, the Associated Press reports the Court’s conservative majority signaled support for the parents’ religious rights.

Religious groups ask White House to let Afghan refugees stay in U.S. » An Anglican church in Raleigh, North Carolina, is rallying to help 22 Afghan Christians in its congregation avoid deportation.

One of those refugees -a young man using the pseudonym “Nashinas”- escaped Taliban persecution and came to the U.S. on a form of humanitarian parole known as TPS, short for temporary protected status.

But the Trump Administration believes past presidents abused TPS and is working to rein in the program. So this month, Nashinas was told to leave the country within seven days.

Church members have written Congress and joined national Christian groups urging the Trump administration to allow about 300 Afghan believers like Nashinas to stay. Tuesday, WORLD’s Carolina Lumetta asked White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt for an update.

LEAVITT: We didn’t end that proactively. It expired. And it’s because the previous administration illegally paroled hundreds of thousands into the country… And if there are individuals here who came in through the Biden Administration who want to claim asylum, there is a legal process to do that, and those cases will be adjudicated by a judge on a case-by-case basis.

Church members say these Afghans are not economic migrants, but people who followed U.S. law and now face death for their faith if forced to return. Nashinas has applied for asylum, with court hearings set for later this year.

Department of Justice forms Anti-Christian Bias Task Force  » A new Department of Justice task force aims to take on bias, against Christians.

Attorney General Pam Bondi:

BONDI: This task force will identify any unlawful anti-Christian policies, practices, or conduct across the government, seek input from the faith-based organizations and state governments to end anti-Christian bias.

Bondi went on to accuse the Biden administration of using its power to target peaceful Christians. As an example, she cited its prosecution of almost two-dozen pro-life activists charged under the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances -or FACE- Act.

President Trump later pardoned those activists.

I'm Mark Mellinger.

Straight ahead: perspectives on federal funding and higher education. Plus, how US tariffs are straining some neighborly relationships.

This is The World and Everything in It.

NICK EICHER, HOST: It’s Wednesday the 23rd of April.

Glad to have you along for today’s edition of The World and Everything in It. Good morning, I’m Nick Eicher.

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: And I’m Lindsay Mast.

First up, a fight over federal money in higher education, and why it’s not as new as it sounds.

Harvard is taking the Trump administration to court over billions in federal grant money.

EICHER: For those who’ve been through battles like this before, the conflict feels familiar. WORLD’s Washington Bureau Reporter Leo Briceno has the story.

LEO BRICENO: Harvard’s lawsuit is new, but the concern behind it isn’t.

Back in 1984, the Christian liberal arts school Grove City College faced a similar ultimatum: agree to all present and future government regulations, or forgo all federal aid for students.

The school’s current Vice President of Student Recruitment Lee Wishing was a student when the college took the matter all the way to the Supreme Court.

LEE WISHING: It was really a power grab by the federal government—and the Supreme Court said it was a power grab…

The case itself was about women’s access to education. The government wanted Grove City to sign a form that promised to follow government regulations about equal access to education. And although Grove City already firmly held that conviction, its leaders worried the government would make more demands down the road the college could not agree to.

WISHING: So we didn’t sign this form because we didn’t want to end up in a position where the feds would control us—and by the way, at the time there were something like 7,000 sections of the code of federal regulations that followed federal student aid.

In a 6-3 decision, the court ruled that the government’s authority didn’t extend to the whole college—but did extend to the department that would be receiving the funds. Grove City then decided it would not accept federally funded student aid.

WISHING: That case was sitting there for all of higher ed to see that if you take federal money, there are strings attached.

That relationship between the federal government and higher ed started roughly in the 1860’s through land grants—holdings of land sold to fund places of education. These would be used to fund colleges like Texas A&M University and the University of California. Then after World War II, the government upped its investment in higher education, largely through research grants.

Here’s Ethan Schrum, Director of the humanities program at Azusa Pacific University in California.

ETHAN SCHRUM: What they did during the war was they typically funded these large centers—the grad lab at MIT that worked on radar, the underwater sound lab at San Diego managed by the University of california that worked on sonar; these kinds of centers, dedicated to specific war-related technologies.

Student aid was a different story.

SCHRUM: That didn’t get started in a very major form until the middle of the 1960’s with the higher education act that was a part of Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society. And then a few years later in the early 1970’s we got Pell grants.

The government’s involvement in grants has since expanded. So has its role in student loans.

According to the Education Data Initiative, federal loans represent 92 percent of all student debt. In the 2023-’24 school year, the government issued $114 billion dollars in new loans.

But not all students take federal aid.

ALBA PADRON: I read the email at the beginning of the hallway and I wasn’t even halfway through the hallways when I connected the dots that this was actually possible.

Alba Isabel Blanco Padron is a student at Hillsdale College in Michigan—one of the colleges that doesn’t take any federal assistance. She’s studying philosophy. Because she immigrated to the United States from Venezuela, she’s not eligible for many of the forms of aid the government offers.

Alba instead receives private assistance. She remembers learning late one night about the scholarships that made her college dream possible.

PADRON: I think I ran to the end of the hallway to tell like literally anyone that was awake but it was also like 1:30 a.m. in the morning.

Alba thinks that bringing in funding from private sources fosters a sense of purposefulness from donors and humility from recipients.

PADRON: So I think because it doesn’t receive any money from a big institution, people are more willing to act and support the mission themselves.

Alba—and Hillsdale—are the exception. By and large, the government’s increasing role in the education landscape has become harder to avoid.

Here’s Wishing again, the Vice President of student recruitment from Grove City College. I asked him if he’s surprised more colleges don’t forgo federal dollars.

WISHING: They really can’t afford to. It’s very difficult for colleges to pull out. They’re really dependent on that aid. The longer they’ve been taking the money, the more difficult it is to pull out.

In many cases, federal funding is a fruitful relationship for colleges and universities, even for conservative ones. Such is the case at Cedarville University—a Christian university in Ohio that does take federal dollars.

THOMAS WHITE: One of the examples of the reasons why we do that is because that allows us to then do our center for cyber operations that we have.=

That’s Thomas White, president of Cedarville. He says federal aid the school received from the National Science Foundation helped the school play a leading role in that field.

WHITE: Our center for cyber operations is one of 20 or so schools in the nation that’s considered a center of academic excellence in cyber operations… And so to be able to do that wouldn’t be possible without some funding from the NSF.

That said, White says Cedarville has plans to back out of federal funding if it’s ever asked to cross a bright red line.

WHITE: If the government starts requiring that you have teachers of other faiths or if you have to accept students of other faiths at a Christian institution that has a clearly-defined line for faculty to sign their doctrinal statement or for believers to have a testimony as a believer in Christ, then at that point you have to walk away.

Others believe the government’s relationship with higher education has become something the founders of the country probably didn’t envision. Constitutional attorney Michael Farris founded Patrick Henry College in 2000. The school has not accepted any federal funding along the way. Farris envisions a fairly minimal relationship between federal authorities and higher education.

MICHAEL FARRIS: That some federal officials occasionally attend football and basketball games at the alma-mater. I’m not satisfied with the shoe being on the other foot, I want them out of the shoe business.

Instead, the federal government is still very much in the shoe business. The Trump administration is asking Harvard to adhere to a list of demands that includes viewpoint diversity in admissions and hiring, governance and leadership reforms, changes to its disciplinary practices for students, and quarterly reporting through the end of 2028.

Harvard says the Trump administration’s actions are inconsistent with the First Amendment, and calls the withholding of grants “unlawful.” In its filing, the school said it would not “surrender its independence or relinquish its constitutional rights.”

It’s now up to the courts to decide who pulls the strings.

That’s it for Washington Wednesday. Reporting for WORLD, I’m Leo Briceno.

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: Coming up next on The World and Everything in It:

World Tour, with our reporter in Africa, Onize Oduah.

SOUND: [Protest]

Nigeria — We begin today in Nigeria, where Christians are calling for an end to ongoing violence.

Christians crowded the streets of Plateau state on Easter Monday in an effort to pressure the government to end the violence blamed on armed herdsmen targeting mostly Christian communities.

Attacks on Palm Sunday left at least 51 people dead in the state. It brings to more than 100 the number of deaths since the end of March.

Rev. Gideon Para-Mallam was one of the coordinators of the peaceful walk.

GIDEON PARA-MALLAM: We have come out dressed in white to symbolize our hope that peace is possible.

Meanwhile, the death toll from similar violence last week in Benue state has topped 70 people.

Hyacinth Alia is the Benue state governor.

HYACINTH ALI: The federal government's support is very enormous. And our security and all their teams have been working strenuously nonstop. But for this still to have happened, something drastic, something strategic has to come to play.

He says security forces have been working nonstop … but the latest attacks mean they need to rethink their strategy.

Australia drownings — Next we head to Australia, where authorities say the long Easter weekend was one of the deadliest for drownings in New South Wales.

At least seven people died including a 9-year-old boy.

Brent Manieri is the general manager of the Surf Lifesaving volunteer rescue group.

MANIERI: Yeah so over the last four days our Lifesavers have performed in excess of 150 rescues and obviously we have seen those six tragedies occur along our New South Wales coastline.

Authorities blamed a perfect combination of high temperatures, deadly ocean swells, and holiday activities.

Puerto Rico power supply — Over in Puerto Rico, authorities are reviewing what’s behind yet another power outage that affected 1.4 million customers.

The outage last week hit the main international airport, hospitals, and hotels. More than 400,000 people had no access to water.

Herbert Rodriguez Martinez resides in southern Puerto Rico.

MARTINEZ: [SPANISH] The bad thing is that all of Puerto Rico is suffering from this, and it keeps happening frequently.

He says that all Puerto Ricans are battling the outages that continue to happen.

An earlier blackout on New Year’s Eve left nearly all Puerto Ricans without power.

Gov. Jenniffer González is demanding answers from the private company managing the island’s power distribution.

SOUND: [KYRGYZSTAN MUSIC]

Kyrgyzstan new anthem — We wrap up today in Central Asia, where composers in Kyrgyzstan are competing to create the country’s new national anthem.

Kyrgyzstan adopted its current anthem in 1992 after independence from the Soviet Union.

But the government says the anthem is still based on the Soviet-era on and fails to represent the young nation.

President Sadyr Japarov has taken other similar steps to overhaul state symbols since assuming office in 2021. At the end of 2023, parliament approved changes to the details of the sun on the Kyrgyz flag.

Nurzhyguit Moldoya is a composer and vocalist.

He says he composed his submission with some poet friends.

AUDIO: [KIRGHIZ] I wrote the melody with very strong feelings when inspiration came to me. These emotions can make you shudder, grow spiritually.

He says here that he wrote the melody with strong feelings emotions that will move any listener to respond from deep within.

That’s it for this week’s World Tour. Reporting for WORLD, I’m Onize Oduah in Abuja, Nigeria.

NICK EICHER, HOST: You’re not supposed to reschedule hockey games to accommodate political debates. It’s unheard of.

But in Canada, you do reschedule political debates—to accommodate something far more important: Hockey!

Because last week there was a French-language prime ministerial debate for the same time as the Montreal Canadiens’ do-or-die game.

For Les Habitants as they’re known, you win and you’re in. You lose, you miss the playoffs again.

Leader of the opposition Yves-François Blanchet:

BLANCHET: I would like, like anybody else, to watch the game. … If the date can be changed, let’s do that.

Not the date, but the time. Moved it up two hours so they got done before puck drop.

The Canadiens would go on to win and clinch a playoff berth. Sad for them they dropped Game 1 Sunday to the Washington Capitals. Hoping to even the series tonight in Game 2! 

AUDIO: Rebound, scores! Alexander Ovechkin wins Game 1 in overtime for Washington!

And the biggest debate in Montreal now is how to shut down the most prolific goal scorer in the game.

It’s The World and Everything in It.

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: Today is Wednesday, April 23rd.

Thank you for turning to WORLD Radio to help start your day.

Good morning. I’m Lindsay Mast.

NICK EICHER, HOST: And I’m Nick Eicher.

CHARLIE ANGUS: We are true. We are north. We are strong, and we are free. And we are elbows-up, right now. All the time. Elbows-up, elbows-up, elbows-up. Thank you.

Canadian member of parliament Charlie Angus, leading a chant of defiance against the United States. Ever since President Trump took office, relations between the U-S and Canada have fallen to historic lows. First came the remarks about making Canada the 51st state. Then came the tariffs.

MAST: The White House has imposed tariffs on steel, aluminum, and other goods—measures many Canadians see as directly hostile. Some are boycotting U.S. products and travel, leaning into that slogan: “Elbows up.”

EICHER: A recent poll found that more than a quarter of Canadians now view the U.S. as an “enemy.” And that diplomatic chill is coolest in the towns straddling the border. WORLD’s Grace Snell paid a visit to a few of those communities—and found that the damage is more than economic.

GRACE SNELL: Five hundred miles north of Washington, D.C, the St. Lawrence River is the quiet boundary line between the United States and its only northern neighbor.

Here, in Clayton, New York, the river’s also the main artery bringing vital tourist dollars to the local economy. Every spring and summer, crowds flock here for the boating, fishing, and scenery.

Just off the waterway sits the Golden Cleat—a tidy jewelry boutique stocked with local souvenirs. Kim Sola is store manager.

KIM SOLA: There is definite concern about how the Trump tariffs will impact the business.

Sola says people here in Clayton rely on their Canadian customers. But this year, many of them just aren’t coming.

SOLA: And we are definitely already seeing a disproportionate amount of traffic reduction from last year…

One reason is the low purchasing power of the Canadian dollar—which only equals about seventy cents in the U.S. But it also has a lot to do with recent trade disputes, as U.S. President Donald Trump deploys tariffs against Canada and other countries.

Already, government data shows a 30% dropoff in Canadians road tripping to the United States this March.

Across the border in the province of Ontario, a large Canadian flag catches the breeze. The distinctive maple leaf banner also flies from several homes and porches along the roadside—as if in polite, Canadian protest to Trump’s offers to make it the 51st U.S. state.

At a gas station in Mallorytown, attendant Catherine Leaker says she’s never had any trouble with her American customers. But she isn’t at all happy about the current state of affairs.

CATHERINE LEAKER: You have to be able to work together if you want to stay allies in that, but he seems like he wants the world mad at him.

Leaker says lots of people she knows are boycotting American products right now:

LEAKER: …Soon as they see something that’s American. They put back. Don’t want it.

About an hour’s drive away in Cornwall, shopkeeper Martin Buser has started carrying a new item. Baseball caps with the slogan: “Canada is not for sale.” Buser says the tariff situation is “mind-boggling.”

MARTIN BUSER: We don’t really know where it’s all going. It’s kind of a day to day kind of thing. It’s changing all the time.

Most people walking down the street are just minding their own business. The vast majority don’t want to talk about tariffs. Some say they just haven’t felt any direct effects yet. Out of 20 people I approach, only six stop to chat.

But, among those who are willing to talk tariffs, there’s a definite consensus: They aren’t happy about the situation.

PASSERBY: The tariffs is an unusually weird game. I’m not sure if it’s designed for the ultra rich to be able to buy more stocks when the market goes down at cheap prices, or if it’s, I don’t know what he’s doing…

This woman—who declined to give her name—says current politics feel almost like reality TV.

PASSERBY: He’s running the government like he did The Apprentice. What can I say?

One man wearing Canadian flag mittens didn’t want his voice recorded. But he called Trump a “madman” and said the tariffs will create a lasting rift in U.S. - Canadian relations.

Twenty-two year-old Macey Cornish is on her way back from the local bakery. She says she couldn’t believe it when she started hearing about all the tariffs…

MACEY CORNISH: You don’t realize how much you rely on your neighbors, in that sense, until they’ve decided to cause basically a war, which makes no sense.

Cornish says she already preferred buying Canadian. Most passersby agree.

KOSTA: Ninety-nine percent of everything I buy is local. So like, I’m still gonna go to Tim’s, I’m still gonna go to Riley’s, I’m still gonna buy things from local farmers, because I’ve always been that way.

This man—who identifies himself as “Kosta”—supports Canadians voting with their dollars. But, he says that’s really just a drop in the bucket of trade between the two countries.

KOSTA: It’s the steel, it’s the aluminum, it’s the potash, it’s the uranium. These things have nothing to do with what we buy. That’s like comparing us recycling individually to the amount of garbage is dumped by the multinational companies into the environment.

In March, Ontario’s premier threatened to “shut off electricity” to U.S. border states like New York, Minnesota, and Michigan. His way of hitting back at the U.S.

KOSTA: I was all for turning off the power. But I just don’t know that the Canadian appetite, even from our leaders, is there. I think it’s a lot more barking and a lot less biting.

Still, Forbes estimates the U.S. could lose about 6 billion dollars in revenue if Canadian travel remains at its current low. And that could have big consequences for tourist towns on the border.

Back on the U. S. side of the border, U.S. Customs and Border Protection data already shows a 15% falloff in people crossing into New York state from eastern Ontario. And that’s exactly the scenario troubling shopkeepers like Kim Sola.

SOLA: Our area exists because of tourism. And if they don’t come, we’ll struggle to exist overall as a community.

And Sola says border town residents aren’t just worried about their bottom line.

SOLA: It isn’t just the tariffs, it isn’t just the financial, it’s the emotional relationship that the two countries shared that unfortunately has been fractured.

That’s something that likely won’t heal overnight regardless of what happens tradewise. And Sola says that could mean some difficult days ahead for border towns.

SOLA: If we don’t have tourists come and put those dollars in, we have to make our choices, and they’re gonna be hard choices.

Reporting for WORLD, I’m Grace Snell in Clayton, New York, and Ontario, Canada.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Today is Wednesday, April 23rd. Good morning! This is The World and Everything in It from listener-supported WORLD Radio. I’m Nick Eicher.

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: And I’m Lindsay Mast. WORLD Opinions contributor Ericka Andersen says many teens are quietly struggling—and grownups in their lives have a role to play in helping them heal.

ERICKA ANDERSEN: Recent CDC reports reveal that 40% of American teens report persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness. The World Health Organization says suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15 to 29-year-olds. Lingering consequences from onerous pandemic policies and increased use of technology have exacerbated both of these issues. 

Despite five years’ distance from the pandemic, faith-based communities have yet to regain their pre-pandemic attendance levels or participation. And kids have hardly recovered from the full consequences of what lockdowns did to them—but undoing the damage isn’t easy, and some consequences may be lifelong.

Last year the Northwest Evaluation Association said that at the end of the 2021-2022 school year, they thought the “worst” of pandemic consequences was behind them. Unfortunately, their research shows the opposite is true.

Lower grades, less churchgoing, lack of confidence, and social struggles due to developmental losses—it is the perfect storm to brew hopelessness. 

Fewer attend youth groups now—and the impact is evident—but the downturn in attendance isn’t unfounded. Springtide research reported that just 10% of young people say a faith leader reached out to them personally in the first year of the pandemic. That gutting reality demonstrates how deeply we failed young believers during this time. This disconnection is devastating.

We can’t underestimate the importance of a diverse set of Christian adults who can pour into teens. Still, it remains difficult for churches to recruit volunteers for youth ministry. In a young Christian’s most formative time, the church family must step into this critical role. 

We’ll be digging out of pandemic setbacks for years, but we know one thing for certain: Data shows one of the best ways to combat depression and anxiety is religion. A Boston Globe survey found that “religious conservative” teens are by far the least likely to experience mental health problems. Secular liberal teens are most vulnerable to them. This is one reason more teens need to be in church—not only because they need the saving grace of Jesus but also to be surrounded by loving adults who can mentor, minister, and disciple them.

A change in youth ministry approach could help with this. National Next Gen Director Shane Pruitt told me that a church-integrated and intergenerational approach is key. And it actually seems to be what many teens are craving: a more intentional, level-headed relationship with fellow Christians of all ages. 

By intentionally connecting youth with other adults, we could change their trajectory. We need to capture them before they are lost to the post-Christian culture overtaking the country. Many kids who used to come to church once a month are scaling back to only Easter and Christmas. Similar trends exist for adults. Teen girls are particularly affected by the mental health declines and loss of religious community. 

The church has a big job ahead. Parents, who have the greatest influence on a child’s faith formation, have an even bigger one. But if we can advocate for the benefits of strong faith communities and convince families that Christian fellowship is a real remedy for mental health woes, we can turn things around with the Lord’s help. 

Our teens are in crisis. Our churches are one of the most powerful ways to help draw them out of it. It’s not an easy task, but it’s important for Christians to get busy connecting with teens and helping them see that God is relevant to their lives exactly where they are. 

I’m Ericka Andersen.

NICK EICHER, HOST: Tomorrow: Ethical questions. Christians largely agree that intentionally destroying human embryos is wrong. But what if it’s unintentional? And, celebrating Passover: We’ll hear from two rabbis. One is still looking for the Messiah. The other says He’s already come. That and more tomorrow.

I’m Nick Eicher.

LINDSAY MAST, HOST: And I’m Lindsay Mast.

The World and Everything in It comes to you from WORLD Radio. WORLD’s mission is Biblically objective journalism that informs, educates, and inspires.

The Bible says: “Seek the Lord and his strength; seek his presence continually!” —Psalms 105:4

Go now in grace and peace.

WORLD Radio transcripts are created on a rush deadline. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of WORLD Radio programming is the audio record.